The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD. The 5th-century Tugu inscription discovered in Tugu district, North Jakarta The official name used is Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, which literally means Jakarta Special Capital Region. During the Japanese occupation, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi ( ジャカルタ特別市, Jakarta Special City). Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. In the 17th century, the city was known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals, mansions and ordered city layout. Tomé Pires, a Portuguese apothecary during his journey to East Indies, wrote the city name on his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta. Before it was called Jayakarta, the city was known as 'Sunda Kelapa'. It was named after Muslim troops of Fatahillah successfully defeated and drove out the Portuguese away from the city in 1527. Its name 'Jakarta' derives from the word Jayakarta ( Devanagari: जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious), and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. Below is the list of names used during its existence. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements. Replica of the Padrão of Sunda Kalapa (1522), a stone pillar with a cross of the Order of Christ commemorating a treaty between the Portuguese Empire and the Hindu Sunda Kingdom, at Jakarta History Museum. Because of these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced that the capital of Indonesia, to be called Nusantara, would be moved from Jakarta to the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. It is one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year, which, coupled with the rising of sea levels, has made the city more prone to flooding. Jakarta's primary challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding. In 2017, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$483.4 billion. Jakarta is an alpha world city and is the seat of the ASEAN secretariat, Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange, and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency. Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960, when its official status was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. At one time, it was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, when it was known as Batavia. Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia. Jakarta's business opportunities, and its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living than is available in other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian states in human development index. Although Jakarta extends over only 664.01 square kilometres (256.38 sq mi), and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 9,957.08 square kilometres (3,844.45 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi, and has an estimated population of 35 million as of 2021, making it the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo). It has a province level status which has a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020. The city is the centre of the economy, culture, and politics of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta is the largest city in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. Jakarta ( / dʒ ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə/ Indonesian pronunciation: ( listen)), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta), is the largest city of Indonesia. Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport ( HLP)
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